10. Civil War

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The Road to War

  • Slavery in the Territories-
    • Missouri Compromise- 1820
      • I. Missouri becomes slave state
      • II. Maine created out of Connecticut to be free state
      • III. No slavery North of 36. 30 parallel in Louisiana Purchase
    • Henry Clay
      • Henry Clay- "The Great Compromiser", make everyone happy
  • Slavery in the West-
    • Mexican War- New land free or slave?
      • Wilmot Proviso- NO slavery in new territories gained by war, didn't pass
      • The Two sides-
        • Abolitionists- People wanting to abolish slavery
          • Free Soil Party- Political party
        • Pro-Slavery- Mostly Southerners
    • Compromise of 1850-
      • Main Leaders-
        • Henry Clay - Wants compromise
        • Calhoun - Pro slavery
        • Webster - Maintain Union, but willing to go to war
        • Stephen Douglas- "Popular Sovereignty" -
          • Believes in popular sovereignty, people's own beliefs
          • Wrote most of compromise & Passes compromise
      • The Compromise of 1850-
        • I. California -Free state
        • II. New Mexico/ Utah Territories - Choose free or slave state by popular sovereignty
        • III. Fugitive Slave Act - Runaway and fugitive slaves must be returned to masters no matter where they are in the country
          • Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe-
            • Tells story of slave who escaped & went through Underground Railroad
            • Portrays slavery as HORRIBLE
            • Big in England
        • IV. Texas- Enters as slave state
        • V. Slavery in D.C.- Slave trade outlawed in D.C.
    • The Kansas-Nebraska Act- People of Kansas and Nebraska territories chose whether free state or slave state
      • "Border Ruffians"- People from border states move to Kansas and Nebraska to try & influence the vote
      • Bleeding Kansas- Strong abolitionists & pro slavery people living together, kill each other, lots of violence, blood
      • Beating in the Senate-
        • Charles Sumner beaten because of talking down old senator, Andrew Butler
        • Butler's nephew, Brooks, in house of representatives
        • Brooks beats Sumner with cane
  • Public Becomes More Divided-
    • The Dred Scott Case (Scott vs. Sandford)-
      • Dred Scott is slave
      • Lived in Missouri with master, moved to free state, moved back to Missouri, master dies
      • Lived as slave in free state
      • Scott sues because he was slave in free state
      • Supreme Courts says he was slave no matter what and wouldn't give him a trial
      • Abolitionists ENRAGED
    • The Republican Party Emerges-
      • Abe Lincoln-
        • Popular over Illinois senate seat and Lincoln Douglas debates
        • Small town lawyer
        • Not well known throughout country
          • Lincoln-Douglas Debates-
            • Popular, focused on slavery
            • Lincoln wants slavery to end slowly so Southern economy won't evaporate
            • While running against each other for senator of Illinois
    • John Brown- raid on Harper's Ferry-
      • John has idea he and some slaves go to arsenal in Harper's Ferry, Virginia to start slave rebellion
      • Slaves will rise again!
      • Arrested.
    • Election on 1860- Lincoln wins
      • Candidates and Parties-
        • Republican/abolitionist- Lincoln
            • Won
            • Not popular vote, but states
            • No Southern states
          • Northern Democrat- Douglas
            • Antislavery compromise
          • Constitutional Union- Bell (slaveholder)
            • Preserve union
            • Pro-slavery compromiser
          • Southern Democrats- Breckenridge
            • Pro-slavery
        • Southern Reactions-
          • They have no voice
          • Democracy isn't working
          • Lincoln being elected was sign that if they stayed in the Union, slavery would come to an end
        • South Carolina- First to secede
          • Secession?-
            • Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas- don't want war, but once it begins, go with South
            • Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware- side with Union, "Border States"
            • West Virginia breaks away from Virginia- sides with Union

A Nation Divided


  • Southern Secession-
    • Reasons:
      • Economic issues
      • Protect way of life with slavery
      • Government no longer protect opinions and rights
      • States rights
    • Northern Reaction-
      • Some thought secession illegal
      • Others say "let them go"
      • Keep Nation whole
    • Lincoln's View-
      • Secession is illegal
      • Any democracy allowing secession would cause chaos and instability if they left
  • Lincoln's Problems- Trying to please both sides
  • Stance on Slavery-
      • Boarder states have slavery
      • If he tries to stop slavery there, four states will join confederacy
      • Abolitionists want Lincoln free all of slaves
    • Southern Soldiers-
      • Better fighters
      • Defending own land easier
      • North doesn't know area as well
    • Ft. Sumter (April 12, 1861)-
      • South won
      • Turns debate into war
  • Jefferson Davis' Problems-
    • State of the Army- Great Generals, Few men, No supplies
    • Infrastructure- Few railroads -> Hard to transport men and supplies
    • Help From England-
      • South thought England would help
      • England depends on Southern cotton to make cloth in mills
      • Most England people abolitionist, go against their views
      • England has lot of cotton
    • States' Rights-
      • Weak central government
      • Can't tax
      • Print money=inflation
      • More individual states' rights
    • Personality-
      • Stubborn, arrogant, take control of everything
      • Not very likable
  • Resources-
    • North-
      • 20,000 miles of Railroads
      • 100,000 factories
        • 1 million workers
      • 23 states with
        • 22 millions people
        • 4 million of combat age
      • $189 million in bank
      • Better agriculture/crops for farming
      • Navy
    • South-
      • 9,000 miles of Railroads
      • 20,000 factories
        • 101,00 workers
      • 11 states
        • 9 million people
        • 3.5 million slaves
        • 1.2 million of combat age
      • $47 million in bank
      • Cotton & tobacco farms
        • few crops for food
      • Had to make navy

Outbreak of War


  • Military Plans-
    • Union-
      • Use Navy to block Southern ports
      • Capture Richmond, Virginia, the Confederate States of America's capital
      • Gain control of the Mississippi River
    • Confederacy-
      • Keep fighting until Union gets tired
  • Early Battles and Warfare-
    • Battle of Bull Run (July 21, 1861)-
        • Soldiers need training, War going to be long
        • First fight after Sumter
        • Confederacy ends up retreating
      • Gen. Stonewall Jackson-
        • Confederate general
        • Named after standing like a stone wall and not retreating
        • Died from being shot by Confederate soldier who thought he was a Union soldier
    • Lincoln's Troubles with Generals-
      • George McClellan-
        • Union commander
        • Good organizer, very careful, delayed plans -> Many problems
        • Good trainer
        • Fired in the Battle of Antietam for not pursuing retreating confederacy (even though they technically won)
    • Navy-
      • Virginia vs. Monitor-
        • Confederate began with no navy
        • Made Ironclad (Virginia) out of old abandoned Union ship, destroyed 2 union ships
        • Ironclads changed Navy
        • Union makes Monitor to battle Virginia, battle has no outcome
    • Antietam-
      • Lee wants to march troops into Maryland, Union soldier finds Lee's plan & reports to McClellan
      • McClellan slow to act
      • South retreats at end of battle, McClellan doesn't go after them
      • No one really wins
      • 23,000 men from both sides killed
  • Confederate Victories-South
    • Battle of Fredericksburg-
      • One of Union's worst defeats
      • Battle in Virginia on hill
      • Lots of Confederates shot by union soldiers in defensive position on hill
    • Battle of Chancellorsville-
      • Lee with Stonewall Jackson
      • Battle in Virginia near Chancellorsville
      • Lee dies from being shot by Confederate soldier mistaking him for Union soldier
  • Union Victories-
    • Battle of Shiloh, Ulysses S. Grant-
      • Bloodiest battle of the war
      • Battle in Tennessee
      • Won part of the Mississippi
      • Union victory

Life During the War


  • The Emancipation Proclamation- Statement by Lincoln freeing some slaves but not others
    • What it Said- All slaves in Confederate states are freed
      • Why?-
        • Keeps Border States happy & is reward for staying with Union
        • Weakens Confederate war effort
  • African-American Contributions-
    • At first, no African Americans allowed in union army
    • 1862- Accepted into army, mainly as laborers
    • 1863- Allowed to fight
    • 1864- Equal pay
  • Life as a Soldier-
    • Mostly under 21 and very excited
    • Thinks war isn't going to last long
    • Many deaths from disease infection rather than killed in battle
    • Terrible conditions
  • Problems in the North-
    • Draft-
      • Lincoln starts draft in 1863
      • Eligible men between ages 20-45 must serve if called upon
      • Buy your way out or pay someone else
    • Riots in the Cities-
      • New York City
      • Immigrants are drafted for war
      • Protest against draft and war
      • Lots of blacks and rich people killed
      • Job Competition, they're reason for war
    • Economy- North needs more money
      • Income Tax- Percentage tax on your income
      • War Profiteers-
        • Rhett Butler
        • Make & Sell necessary things for war at High prices, make lots of money $
  • Southern Economy- No income
    • Jefferson Davis can't put on income tax or tax because fear of central government, has hard time making money $
    • Confederates print money -> inflation
    • Inflation is quick fix, terrible in long run, Prices rise, worth stays the same
    • Union blocks ports, Cotton gone
  • Women During the War-
    • Women step in place of gone men
    • Keep society going in background
    • Women Aid Societies
    • Charitable stuff & fundraisers
    • Nursing suitable job

The War Ends


  • Turn of the Tide of War- South good at beginning, then starts to lose resources and Union takes control
    • Fall of Vicksburg-
        • Union already has control of the beginning and end of the Mississippi River, South has control of Vicksburg in the middle
        • Grant tries attacking from Mississippi=unsuccessful, goes around & traps Vicksburg
        • Union now has control of entire Mississippi
      • Gettysburg-
        • Lee marches army North and makes life hard for Union, tries to gain control of Washington D.C.
          • I. Confederacy wins first day
          • II. Union goes to Cemetery Ridge where hills are easy to defend
        • Union wins, doesn't chase Lee when he retreats
  • Gettysburg Address-
    • Made by Lincoln dedicating cemetery
    • Civil War was fight-
      • For slavery
      • Keep Union together
      • Keep government and democracy
  • Grant's Plan for Victory- Grant willing to sacrifice men, wants civilians/anything/everything that will make Confederacy suffer
    • Total War-
      • Sheridan-
        • Goes through Virginia
        • 2,000 farms destroyed
      • Sherman-
        • Hated
        • Destroys Atlanta & all of South Carolina
        • Goes to Atlantic Ocean, then North
        • Does stuff so Southern army can't get supplies
  • Lincoln is Reelected-
    • End of 1963- Lincoln not going to be reelected
    • THEN! Vicksburg, Gettysburg, Gettysburg Address
    • Running against McClellan, McClellan to keep slavery if elected
    • Lincoln is reelected
  • The Civil War Ends
    • Appomattox Courthouse- April 9, 1865
      • Grant surrounds Lee, Lee surrenders army to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse
      • Confederacy keeps weapons and supplies and stuff because Grant is generous and nice
      • Grant and Lee respect each other

Reconstruction


  • Early Steps to Reunion-
    • Lincoln is all about forgiveness
    • Many Northerners want to punish South for dragging them into war
      • Postwar Problems- Hard life during reconstruction
        • North-
          • Economic problems, unemployment
          • Lost more soldiers than the South
          • Most Northern farms and cities unharmed
        • South-
          • Lost lots of railroads
          • Bad economy, money has no value, debt can't be paid
          • 4 million free slaves in bad economic and social situation
          • Southern cities destroyed
          • Banks failed, depositors lost money

      • Steps Towards Reconstruction-
        • Lincoln's Plan-
          • Ten Percent plan where 10% of voters in state are for Union & can form new government
          • Abolitionists and northerners thinks it's too generous
          • Doesn't pass
        • Wade-Davis Bill-
          • Republican
          • Majority of white men in a state pledge loyal to Union
          • No Confederate fighters can vote/hold office
          • Lincoln says NO even though it went through both houses of congress
        • Freedman's Bureau-
          • Congress and Lincoln agree
          • Help former slaves and poor whites by giving them clothes, food, medical help, and jobs
  • Lincoln is Assassinated-
    • April 14, 1865 (5 days after lee surrendered)
    • Lincoln goes to play in Washington D.C. at ford theater
    • Shot by John Wilkes Booth (famous actor) who sneaks into presidential box
    • Shot in head, dies next day
  • Andrew Johnson- Lincoln's TN vice president that becomes president when Lincoln is assassinated
    • Thirteenth Amendment-
      • Freed blacks in all state, Emancipation Proclamation only freed slaves in south
      • Every state passes 13th amendment abolishing slavery
      • Congress approves, slavery banned
    • Congress Rebels-
      • New government with Confederate supporters
      • Republicans mad, say NO Southerners allowed
  • Later Reconstruction-
    • Fourteenth Amendment- Man of every race must have rights
    • Fifteenth Amendment- Man of every race cannot be denied right to vote